Abstract: With the advances of technology in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), oxygen therapy in the resuscitation and treatment of preterm infants is widely applied, which significantly improves their survival rates.However, complications associated with hyperoxia, such as early onset preterm encephalopathy (EOP), retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), severely affect the quality of life of surviving preterm infants.This article reviewed the current clinical and animal experimental research on hyperoxia-induced brain injury, clarifying the potential manifestations and mechanisms of neurological damage related to hyperoxia in preterm infants.The findings provide a theoretical basis for safe oxygen use decisions in clinical practice for preterm infants.